The boundary between physics and chemistry is somewhat arbitrary. The synthesis was based in large part on the recognition that the different forces of nature are related and are, in fact, interconvertible because they are forms of energy. Physics, in its modern sense, was founded in the mid-19th century as a synthesis of several older sciences-namely, those of mechanics, optics, acoustics, electricity, magnetism, heat, and the physical properties of matter. The Earth sciences are discussed in a separate article. This article discusses the historical development-with due attention to the scope, principal concerns, and methods-of the first three of these areas. Each of these is in turn divided into fields and subfields. Physical science is ordinarily thought of as consisting of four broad areas: astronomy, physics, chemistry, and the Earth sciences. Physical science, the systematic study of the inorganic world, as distinct from the study of the organic world, which is the province of biological science.
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